Agriculture+Sandbox

=Agricultural Innovation Systems: An Investment Sourcebook= @http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTARD/0,,contentMDK:23129039~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336682,00.html

Module 4, TN 2

Building and Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships in Agricultural Research
ICT (in agriculture); Our unit finished with an investment sourcebook on ICT in agriculture some time last fall. It follows relatively similar format to the AIS sourcebook. Here's the link to ICT site, including the sourcebook: @http://www.ictinagriculture.org/ictinag/content/ict-agriculture-sourcebook

There are also active e-consultations/meetings on additional ICT topics. Biotechnology: Biotech is one of the topics we cover in agriculture also, and the AIS sourcebook has a TN on biosafety (module 6). I include here also other recent/fairly recent products on biotech.

@http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/06/16361062/status-impact-bio-safety-regulation-developing-economies-ratification-cartagena-protocol Several biotech presentations can be found from: http://intranet.worldbank.org/WBSITE/INTRANET/SECTORS/INTARD/0,,contentMDK:21850920~pagePK:210082~piPK:210098~theSitePK:335808,00.html WB expert on biotechnology & biosafety is Eija Pehu. We also have a e-learning on agri biotech: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTARD/0,,contentMDK:23210094~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336682,00.html

http://intranet.worldbank.org/WBSITE/INTRANET/SECTORS/INTARD/0,,contentMDK:21056930~pagePK:210082~piPK:210098~theSitePK:335808,00.html WB has also supported a few biotechnology-biosafety projects - regional ones in Latin America and West Africa, plus a country focused one in India.  LCR: @http://operationsportal2.worldbank.org/wb/opsportal/ttw/about?projId=P095169  West Africa:@http://operationsportal2.worldbank.org/wb/opsportal/ttw/about?projId=P096058 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> India:@http://operationsportal2.worldbank.org/wb/opsportal/ttw/about?projId=P079865 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In addition, our unit has a DGF on biotech-biosafety together with CERA and ILSI and this activity aims at building biotech-biosafety awarenss and capacity in select countries, based on global good practices. Please find the link, and the key contact person is Morven Mclean, she's a tremendous resource on this topic (based in DC). Email - mmclean@ilsi.org <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Link to the CERA-ILSI work: @http://cera-gmc.org/index.php?action=partnership_in_biosafety <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Our unit will organize a half a day seminar on biotech-biosafety this spring. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nanotechnology: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This topic follows in the footsteps of biotech particularly in terms of safety aspects (risk assessments etc) so a strong link to biotech is warranted. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">IPR: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">WIPO was active on IPR and agriculture last Spring and I was supposed to be part of that activity. I run out of time, and I am not sure how much they've done. Our WIPO contact was: lucinda.longcroft@wipo.int <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cheers Riikka

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scenario Planning: Can you identify a Case Study and/or Policy Brief (see IPP case format), perhaps the India example combined with your 2006 paper? Do you think that a policy brief and.or tool on scenario planning could be produced?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">--> We have the <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">india case <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> featured in the AIS sourcebook, see IAP4 in module 7. We have a <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chile case <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> also in the sourcebook, IAp 5 in module 7. The Chile case is also featured in the Smart Lessons series. Janssen, W., Rajalahti, R., Edmeades, S. and Nussbaumer, B. 2012. **__Eyeing the Future of Agriculture: A Vision for Agricultural Innovation in Chile__**. SmartLessons IFC. --- Would these do or would something else be needed? The ARD note on India case, would that do?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">We can use all these as they are.Could you send me a copy of your 2006 paper please.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(See attached file: Scenario_Planning_DP_29_final.pdf)(See attached file: ARDNote28.pdf)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2 attachments — [|Download all attachments] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2716K View [|Download] ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:https://mail.google.com/mail/images/pdf.gif caption="Scenario_Planning_DP_29_final.pdf" link="@https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=48c42d3e8d&view=att&th=13b6d05be4d4f46c&attid=0.1&disp=safe&zw"]] || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scenario_Planning_DP_29_final.pdf <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">use as is 100 pp ToC pointing

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">563K View [|Download] ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:https://mail.google.com/mail/images/pdf.gif caption="ARDNote28.pdf" link="@https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=48c42d3e8d&view=att&th=13b6d05be4d4f46c&attid=0.2&disp=safe&zw"]] || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ARDNote28.pdf <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Use as is case study 5 pp

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Agricultural Innovation Funds: There is scope to compare and contrast agricultural innovation funds with other, especially national, innovation funds. Several consultants are writing pieces on this topic and by separate e-mail I will coordinate so we don't duplicate efforts (Cristina, I will ask for you help with this). Innovation funds seems to be an area where there has been too much re-invention by TTLs and operations people. Could you identify an agricultural case study - maybe from these documents or the AIS?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">--> The baby has many names and sizes ..... often activities that are Innovation Funds are called something else (competitive research grants, competitive R&D grants, competitive innovation funds/programs, etc). Chile case on Consortiums - IAP3 in module 4; China agri tech transfer - IAP2 in module 5. IAP 3 in module 3 (Peu) - the focus is more on extension but the same project had another Fund for R&D. TN2 in module 5 includes several different examples - but the box 5.12 (an IEG study) refer to many from latin America.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">We can use these as is but separate into Consortia (Chile), Technology Transfer (China) in the IPP. Peru can be cited as an example of competitive grants, but could also be referenced in Extension Services. We can use all of Module 5 TN2 under Competitive/Matching Grants and 'point' to specific sections and boxes where necessary. Tagging all these documents will allow this.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">M&E for Agricultural Research and Extension: These documents need to be liked to existing M&E documents - and possibly compare and contrast M&E in agriculture with other areas. I will send a separate e-mail on this. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cristina Ling, Capacity Development and Results, WBI, has referenced several M&E documents. I will compare these with those in Module 7 and get back to you.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Innovation Indicators and Benchmarks: It will be helpful to relate to other Bank M&E documents. Can you suggest a agriculture case study?


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">--> I only know Ethiopia and Vietnam cases, covered by the paper. Overall, I am not sure how good they were considered.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Innovation Indicators and Benchmarks: This is a hot topic. I will send you some non-agriculture materials and we can decide how to proceed. Meanwhile, can you suggest a agriculture case study?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Innovation Indicators and Benchmarks: This is a hot topic. I will send you some non-agriculture materials and we can decide how to proceed. Meanwhile, can you suggest a agriculture case study?

Agricultural Extension Services: Again, a case study will be useful. Also, as most other extension services (engineering, manufacturing, etc) were based on the agricultural model, a policy brief which could include key tools would be valuable. We can add separate materials on the non-agricultural extension service mode.
 * --> there are many cases, some focused on country-wide extension systems, others narrower cases. Peru referred above (albeit has problems now); China agric. tech transfer case referred above; ATMA model from India - featured briefly on page 184. I do however have a lot of other material on ATMA. NAADS (Uganda) case in this module also.

Could you send what you believe to be an appropriate selection of these other materials.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">IPR - notes and a full paper

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Intellectual property rights for agriculture in international trade and investment agreements: a plant breeding perspective
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">@http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/25/000310607_20060825095554/Rendered/PDF/370360ARD0Note111IPR1Agri01PUBLIC1.pdf

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The agricultural sector, and in particular plant breeding, is one area where this flexibility of intellectual property rights (IPR) is quite broad. This note argues that policymakers need to pay close attention to the role that IPRs can play in agricultural development by providing incentives for both domestic and foreign investments. The note explains the special nature of plant breeding that has given rise to unique forms of IPRs and reviews how this special nature is reflected in article 27(3) b of the TRIPS Agreement. The note also reviews how developing countries are choosing to meet their obligations. It highlights the concern that both bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations may exert pressure on countries to adopt IPR regimes that are more rigid than those required to support national agricultural development.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Intellectual property rights for plant breeding and rural development: challenges for agricultural policymakers
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">@http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/06/7014044/intellectual-property-rights-plant-breeding-rural-development-challenges-agricultural-policymakers

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Although many developing countries have drafted legislation to address plant variety protection (PVP) requirements, relatively few have begun to implement PVP, and little guidance is available on appropriate strategies. This note looks at some of the key decisions facing agricultural policymakers in establishing a PVP regime, examines the implementation of PVP, assesses some of the impacts and limitations of PVP regimes, and identifies policy priorities that complement the establishment of IPRs for plant breeding.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Public research in plant breeding and intellectual property rights: a call for new institutional policies
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">@http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/06/7014221/public-research-plant-breeding-intellectual-property-rights-call-new-institutional-policies

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This paper addresses the issue of using intellectual property rights (IPRs) in public sector breeding, and the potential impact on breeding strategies and on the costs and benefits. The paper is based on a study on the impact of IPRs in the breeding industry in developing countries. There are three main reasons for national agricultural research institutes (NARIs) to embrace IPRs: recognition, technology access and transfer, and revenue. Introducing the concept of revenue generation in public plant breeding is likely to have an impact on the distribution of funds within the NARI and on the breeding strategies applied. A second possible impact is that funds will be distributed more to crops with a high value in seed production. The third level of impact is within breeding programs themselves, where researchers have to choose which ecological areas or client groups to target. The paper concludes with suggestions: Policymakers and research managers need to be aware of potential difficulties of matching revenue generation through IPRs and the public tasks of the NARIs. Explicit national and institutional policies are needed to guide choices regarding the management of IPRs in breeding. Research institutes need to prepare for managing IPRs, whether they intend to protect their own inventions or not. Human and financial resources need to be made available, and the institutional culture needs to be adapted to the new developments.

Intellectual property rights in the breeding industry: farmers' interests
@http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/06/7014368/intellectual-property-rights-breeding-industry-farmers-interests

Abstract Intellectual property rights (IPRs) in plant breeding are being introduced or strengthened in developing countries as a result of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization. Although living organisms have traditionally been excluded from patent protection, pressures to promote plant breeding in several industrialized countries (including pressure from farmers' organizations) resulted in the development of specially adapted IPRs for plant varieties beginning in the 1930s. Why would farmers be interested in a legal instrument that is likely to make them pay more for seed? The answer is that farmers are the immediate beneficiaries of new varieties, and they benefit from increased investments in breeding. Decisions about what level of farmers' privilege is appropriate in national IPR legislation are further complicated by the related concept of farmers' rights. Farmers' associations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that represent farmers need to be involved in the national debate on agricultural IPRs. Finally, In countries where the rights are weaker, it is important to recognize that private sector incentives for investment will be correspondingly lower, and that public-sector plant breeding will need to be well financed to provide the necessary support.

Intellectual property rights : designing regimes to support plant breeding in developing countries
@http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/01/6796557/intellectual-property-rights-designing-regimes-support-plant-breeding-developing-countries

Abstract Plant breeding research and seed provision are vital industries that need to be fostered and stimulated. Plant breeding is important for food security at the local and global levels; the ability of adapted varieties to cope with environmental stresses contributes to strategies for sustainable agriculture, and the provision of productive options for commercial farming is essential for wider economic development. The twin challenges are first to understand the degree to which stronger intellectual property rights (IPRs) in plant breeding can help stimulate these industries and second to determine whether the IPR systems for plant varieties that have been developed in industrialized countries can contribute to development objectives. This report is based on a field study of the impact of strengthened IPRs on the breeding industries in China, Colombia, India, Kenya, and Uganda. Following this brief opening chapter, Chapter 2 mechanisms that provide similar incentives for the breeding industry. Chapter 3 reviews the institutional setting for seed system development in developing countries. Chapter 4 examines the establishment and management of IPR regimes in plant breeding in developing countries. Chapter 5 reviews the impacts of IPR regimes on seed companies, and Chapter 6 examines their effects on public research in developing countries. The final chapter presents a set of lessons for policy makers and donors who are responsible for guiding the establishment of IPRs for plant breeding introduces the major examples of IPR regimes for plant breeding, focusing on plant variety protection (PVP) and patents, and discusses other mechanisms that provide similar incentives for the breeding industry. Chapter 3 reviews the institutional setting for seed system development in developing countries. Chapter 4 examines the establishment and management of IPR regimes in plant breeding in developing countries. Chapter 5 reviews the impacts of IPR regimes on seed companies, and Chapter 6 examines their effects on public research in developing countries. The final chapter presents a set of lessons for policy makers and donors who are responsible for guiding the establishment of IPRs for plant breeding

Foresighting: - note and full paper

Scenario planning to guide long-term investments in agricultural science and technology : theory and practice from a case study on India
@http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/01/15/000333038_20080115071201/Rendered/PDF/418950NEWS0IN01t0ARDNote2801PUBLIC1.pdf

This note for India is based on the paper Scenario Planning to guide long-term investments in Agricultural Science and Technology (report no. 37066). Scenarios are an important and useful tool, providing a neutral space for discussion, and helping to build consensus among various stakeholders. The objective is to examine possible future developments that could impact individuals, organizations, or societies to find directions for decisions will most benefit any future environment. Useful in strategy formulation, scenarios can be used in policy development, conflict resolution, group learning, and rehearsing management decisions. The note analyzed results of workshops organized to define the way forward relative to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The lessons learned include: (a) applying the analysis on larger, global issues may be far more challenging; (b) it is recommended the scenario process be implemented ahead of project preparation; (c) it is essential to allocate sufficient time and resources for creating client ownership and understanding; (d) it is of paramount importance to compose a multidisciplinary scenario team led by experienced scenario leaders; and (e) it is also very important to include participants of the groups the process aims to influence

Cultivating knowledge and skills to grow African agriculture
@http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/01/23/000333037_20080123022722/Rendered/PDF/418960BRI0AFR01e290321443B01PUBLIC1.pdf

This Program states that larger investments in agricultural research, extension, and education systems are required to achieve the targeted increase in agricultural output of 6 percent a year over the next 20 years.To enhance the quality and productivity of Agricultural Education and Training (AET) in Africa, the case for improving its agricultural education capacities is compelling in view of their seminal role in agricultural development elsewhere in the world. AET development was an integral part of strategies of countries that grew agriculture successfully, such as Brazil, India, and Malaysia. The analytical work carried out on AET in Africa identified some priorities as key to modernize agricultural education in Africa These priorities are: 1 Political will must be generated in support of agricultural development by educating the public about its role in economic growth and poverty reduction, creating capacities for lobbying, joining forces with other stakeholders, and sustaining these efforts over two or three decades.(2) It is desirable to assess and re-balance AET enrollment profiles away from secondary level vocational training towards diploma, degree, and post-graduate levels (3) It is essential to replenish human capital by strengthening and expanding national Master of Science programs, laying the foundation for Ph.D. programs, and tackling the conundrum of incentives for staff retention.(4) Finances must be managed proactively by making more efficient use of existing resources, mobilizing non-public resources, and persuading donors to finance operating costs.(5) Much better gender balance must be achieved among AET graduates. African universities and other institutions of higher learning ultimately will be responsible for replenishing the stock of human capital in national research and extension services, and for providing them with the broader set of skills necessary to grow agriculture in the 21st century

Innovation funds (competitive research grants, matching grants)- note and full paper ToC Pointing and relate to Finance Module

Designing and implementing agricultural innovation funds : lessons from competitive research and matching grant projects
@http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/05/16569531/designing-implementing-agricultural-innovation-funds-lessons-competitive-research-matching-grant-projects

Many countries are using innovation funds in the agricultural sector to support innovators and their links to public institutions, private entrepreneurs, and other actors, such as groups of rural producers. These funds create platforms for innovative activity by providing incentives for quality and collaboration. This report synthesizes experience with the two main innovation funds that the World Bank has used to fund agricultural innovation, competitive research grants and matching grants, and offers lessons and guidelines for designing and implementing them. Although the report draws extensively on experience with World Bank investments, the lessons are relevant in other contexts. The practical aspects of designing and implementing successful grant schemes are emphasized throughout.

M&E of research and extension/tech transfer

How innovative is your agriculture? Using innovation indicators and benchmarks to strengthen national agricultural innovation systems
@http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/08/01/000334955_20080801044907/Rendered/PDF/448700NWP0Box327419B01PUBLIC10ARD0no1041.pdf

This paper explores the application of the innovation systems framework to the design and construction of national agricultural innovation indicators. Optimally, these indicators could be used to gauge and benchmark national performance in developing more responsive, dynamic, and innovative agricultural sectors in developing countries. The paper develops a conceptual framework that ties the innovation systems framework to the agricultural sector; reviews how the framework has been used to develop innovation indicators in other fields; discusses a set of potential innovation indicators for developing-country agriculture; and identifies potential data sources and methods for constructing different types of indicators. Ultimately, the paper aims to inform national and regional stakeholders, policymakers, development partners and researchers who are interested in developing or using indicators as a tool for designing evidence-based agricultural innovation policies.

Monitoring and evaluation for World Bank agricultural research and extension projects : a good practice note
@http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/24/000160016_20060824090534/Rendered/PDF/370570Monitori1on0ARD1DP2001PUBLIC1.pdf

This Good Practice Note aims to assist Task Teams of the World Bank and their colleagues in the client countries develop and implement effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems for agricultural research and extension projects and programs. The chapters in this Note provide a step-by-step guide for achieving that objective, with emphasis on the World Bank M&E requirements and the specific nature of agricultural research and extension projects. Chapter 1 titled "Challenges for M&E Systems in Agricultural Research and Extension Projects" and Appendix 1 titled "Narratives of New Approaches and Instruments in ARE Systems" discuss the M&E challenges in agricultural research and extension projects; and provide additional information on the forces driving the changes in agricultural research and extension systems as well as on the typical approaches and instruments applied in agricultural research and extension systems and projects. The Note emphasizes the World Bank's M&E Requirements at the design stage, namely the introduction of the Results Framework and the associated requirements in the Project Appraisal Document. Chapter 2 describes the key issues in the results framework which are (a) development of a clear project development objective and project components, and (b) the importance of developing measurable and realistic project outcome and intermediate outcome indicators. In addition, Appendix 2 summarizes the Bank's M&E steps throughout the Project Cycle and Appendix 3 provides further details and references on the Logical Framework. A list of indicators, with emphasis on institutional, social, and environmental sustainability, and data sources for agricultural research and extension Projects are provided in Appendix 4.

ICT

ICT in agriculture : connecting smallholders to knowledge, networks, and institutions
@http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/08/03/000386194_20120803011835/Rendered/PDF/646050ESW0P1180lture0e0Sourcebook12.pdf

The livelihoods of the world's poor rise and fall with the fate of agriculture. Enhancing the ability of smallholders to connect with the knowledge, networks, and institutions necessary to improve their productivity, food security, and employment opportunities is a fundamental development challenge. Where once rural areas were largely disconnected from the greater world, today, networks of information and communication technologies (ICTs) enmesh the globe and represent a transformational opportunity for rural populations, both as producers and consumers. However, climate change and price fluctuations in the global food market remind us that realizing this opportunity requires a long-term commitment to mobilizing appropriate resources and expertise. It is for this reason that we are particularly pleased to introduce the ICT in agriculture e-sourcebook. This resource was designed to support practitioners, decision-makers, and development partners who work at the intersection of ICT and agriculture. The authors hope is that it becomes a practical guide in understanding current trends, implementing appropriate interventions, and evaluating the impact of those programs. It combines cutting-edge expertise in ICT with empirical knowledge of a wide range of agricultural sectors, from governance to supply chain management. As an online knowledge source, it will continue to evolve and be updated to reflect the emerging and changing challenges and opportunities facing the sector. This activity was carried out as part of the program on creating sustainable businesses in the knowledge economy, for which the Government of Finland provided generous support. The publication represents a partnership of infoDev and the Agriculture and Rural Development Department of the World Bank Group, with significant contributions from outside experts.