University-Industry+Relations

Introduction
There is a large amount of literature on university-industry relations. The objective here is to answer the three questions and provide practical ways of adopting and adapting knowledge from industry and commercializing technology to industry.
 * 1) How can developing and middle income countries creating and sustaining efficient technology acquisition and commercialization relationships between universities, and public research institutes, and industry?
 * 2) What are the barriers to effective university (and public research organization) relations with industry in developing and middle income countries?
 * 3) What can developing and middle income countries learn from the experience of university-industry relations in developed countries?

Guiding Principles for University-Industry Endeavors
 Report of a Joint Project of the National Council of University Research Administrators and the Industrial Research Institute (USA).  Download the full report from: []

 From the report:

 Guiding Principle # 1: A successful university-industry collaboration should support the mission of each partner. Any effort in conflict with the mission of either partner will ultimately fail.

 Guiding Principle # 2: Institutional practices and national resources should focus on fostering appropriate long-term partnerships between universities and industry.

 Guiding Principle #3: Universities and industry should focus on the benefits to each party that will result from collaborations by streamlining negotiations to ensure timely conduct of the research and the development of the research findings.

===Research and Innovation Issues in University Relations: Background Information Document prepared by the SMEs Division of the World Intellectual Property Organization === []

 The report reviews some of the main IP-related issues that need to be addressed by policymakers and institutions when dealing with intellectual property rights within the context of university-industry relations. Sections include:


 * 1) National Policy Framework
 * 2) Institutional Policy Framework
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Establishment of Technology Licensing Offices (TLOs)
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cultural Gap
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conflict of Interests
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Financial Resources
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Operational Considerations
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Licensing or Spin-off Route

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The report's conclusion states: "University – industry relations are strongly influenced by the existing national IP policy framework as well as by the patent policy of individual institutions. If an IP policy that encourages technology transfer and commercialization of university research results has proved to be important to establish the right set of incentives, there are a number of institutional issues that need to be addressed to make sure that the “cultural gap”, potential conflict of interests, financial issues and other aspects that may condition the success of TLOs are adequately taken into consideration. If a spread of a patent culture among researchers within universities is advisable in order to facilitate technology transfer and the commercialization of research results, promoting greater use of patent literature could be an important first step to partly bridge the cultural gap. This would be important as it would bring researchers closer to the patent system while at the same time <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> making the “disclosure function” of the patent system more relevant to the research world as a whole."

===<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">University-Private Sector Research Partnerships in the Innovation Ecosystem: Report of the [US] President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology November 2008. === <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> This is a report on the US Innovation Ecosystem, defined as "The dynamic system of interconnected institutions and persons that are necessary to propel technological and economic development."

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The US experience may not always be an appropriate model for other countries because of extreme differences in resources or stage of development But, many countries do seek to learn from developed countries such as the USA. This report contains some useful lessons for many developing countries. Contents include:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Overview of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> "University-industry research partnerships are an example of a public-private partnership (PPP), which can be defined broadly as an R&D-based relationship involving at least one private firm and at least one publicsector organization that are mutually committed to reaching a common R&D goal by pooling resources and/or coordinating activities."

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> State and Local Trends <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Industry Trends

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Global Nature of the Innovation Ecosystem <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> "Some companies have utilized research partnerships with universities to help drive innovation, either by directly funding research or by co-locating research centers on or near university campuses. .... [T]he core research capabilities of industries are being reduced at the same time as the demand from industry for research that drives more than incremental innovation is increasing. This drives international competition to provide technologies, workforce, and overall research infrastructure. While there may be advantages to forming partnerships in the geographic area where a company maintains its headquarters, there are increased opportunities and incentives to form research partnerships with high-quality universities around the globe."

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Open Innovation <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Outputs of the Innovation Ecosystem and the Current Incentive System <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Patents, Licensing Income, and Start-up Companies: Increased Focus by Universities

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">** Management of i **** ntellectual property in publicly-funded research ** ** organizations ** [|European Commission Expert Group Report 2003]